Some parents want to assert that they did not abuse or neglect the child. We separated for some time and recently have been working on our relationship. All information available on our site is available on an "AS-IS" basis. Domestic abuse. Reports can be made to the DCF's Florida Abuse Hotline by phone or online 24 hours a day, seven days a week. In any potentially-criminal situation NEVER voluntarily do anything until you contact an attorney: preferably a compassionate and understanding attorney who works with parents, kids and the Juvenile Dependency Courts on a daily basis. If you have been investigated by Child Protective Services (CPS), you probably know how nerve-racking and stressful that experience is. These are usedto establish your ability to care for the child safely. Parents who have been previously investigated by CPS fear that the agency could reopen their closed case and threaten to take their children again. Your feedback is the best way for us to improve our services. Keep the records of your contacts with service providers and the caseworkers. SeriouslyWhat are you thinking to have this man around your child? MA Child Abuse Emergency Line 1-800-792-5200: If you believe a child is being abused or neglected, contact the MA Child Abuse Emergency Line to file a report. . All rights reserved. Communicate regularly with your client. Sometimes moving a child to a relative's home during the pending case will allow for more contact with the parent. Parents have the right to file anappealfrom a registry if they win their case. They do not want to take your children from you unless it is necessary to protect the child from the immediate risk of harm. The lawyer may be apublic defender. You have made your "point".. They will be annoyed. Submitted by Anonymous (not verified) on Sat, 04/10/2021 - 10:52, Submitted by Karla Baldwin on Mon, 04/12/2021 - 10:39, Submitted by Anonymous (not verified) on Wed, 01/27/2021 - 19:45, Submitted by Karla Baldwin on Thu, 01/28/2021 - 18:01, Submitted by Anonymous (not verified) on Wed, 12/09/2020 - 20:06, Submitted by Karla Baldwin on Thu, 12/10/2020 - 11:57, Submitted by Anonymous (not verified) on Sat, 07/11/2020 - 05:24, Submitted by Marcin Gulik on Mon, 07/13/2020 - 16:07. When someone calls the DCFS hotline, the hotline worker who answers the call asks the caller a series of questions about the incident. The role of the non offending parent in a Child Protective Services case. Once your case is closed you (or your attorney) may request all of your records from Public Disclosure. Typically, in so-called emergency situations, the police and the CPS social workers come together and even then it is not necessarily an emergency but a working relationship that some CPS agents have with associates on the police force. I allowed my ex to visit our son with his mother, but he broke into my house and was arrested due to violating a restraining order and his bond. Our most popular destinations for legal help are below. Ultimately, at some point, you must convince the judge you are trustworthy and can provide a safe home for your children. It is possible that the law may not apply to you and may have changed from the time a post was made. An angry demeanor toward the CPS social worker or DCFS investigator is considered evidence of your guilt. These must be addressed through DCFS internal administrative procedures. If a case is ruled to be valid, all individuals involved are informed. Financial concerns. OIG's 2018 annual report included an eight-year retrospective on the deaths of children in Intact Family Services cases, which concluded that in many of these cases the children remained in danger during the life of the case due to violence in their homes, when DCFS should have either removed the children or at least sought court involvement . It will also explain your appeal rights. Also, how having a new baby may impact how the safety threats are managed for the other children. Here is an article with more information on. At another hearing, there is a decision whether the children should be returned to your care. This can be two separate people, but most times, someone with a family member who was in jail or prison, a veteran, active duty military or have had military service, a non-profit organization or small business, Department of Child and Family Services or DCFS guardianship, To get an order allowing DCFS to remove or keep children from returning to the parent's home, To provide court supervision over the parenting in a home, There is a finding of abuse or neglect; and. CPS social workers and investigators are not above lying to you to encourage you to confess or admit to something that you might not even be guilty of just to get you arrested and your kids in their control. No. Child Abuse Investigations. After the case is closed, CPS receives a new report of child abuse, which prompts the agency to reopen the closed case for further investigation. The agency may use any excuse to reopen your closed case if something that could endanger the child is brought to its attention. They can change your life and your . We suggest you consult with a lawyer at. That is why we are committed to helping you fight back and ensure that your case remains closed for as long as possible. Are you aware that children placed in foster care are sometimes abused or mistreated by people working the foster care system for a pay check? There is the flip side to that where some truly loving foster parents sometimes become smitten with your kids and start their own campaign with the court and petition for adoption! This is the department's most intensive family preservation service. Other parents genuinely need some help to be full-time parents for their children. Do not admit guilt. ILAO is a registered 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization. Your actions can make a big difference in the outcome. What happens in child abuse and neglect cases involving foster children and foster parents? Supported Finding: "Supported" means a finding by the division based on the evidence available at the completion of an investigation that there is a reasonable . Here are the steps included in the DCFS investigation process: Once an allegation is reported, an investigator will determine if a crime is being alleged, if imminent danger is present, if an immediate visit is necessary, if evidence must be collected, if there are existing photos or videos of the reported incident, if there were any witnesses to the event, and if a full investigation is warranted. If there are any serious issues which require litigation, the cases could extend from 1-2 years. information is allowed in cases in which abuse or neglect of the child has resulted in a fatality or near fatality. But discussing these matters with your lawyer is essential. Case reviews focus on: the quality of the case report; the strength of the attached supporting evidence; and the appropriateness of the conclusions reached by the investigator. Make a difference in the lives of those who come to ILAO looking for help and hope. Please log in or register if you want to leave a comment. Relatives who are interested in playing a bigger role in the child's care should come to court and support the parent. The appeal must be filedwithin 60 days of a juvenile court case closing. For example, is DCFS claiming that your child was abused, but you believe they are wrong? Then you need to wait in the hallway until your case is called. What happens when you go to court for the hearing? It is a family focused, crisis-oriented, short-term (180 days), intensive in-home counseling program for families with children at risk of foster care placement. They are also less likely if they do notreceive favorabletestimonyfrom caseworkers; and. We also assist parents who are looking to have their child placed with them after the other parent had the child removed from their home. They may also have to reportwhat you say to them. Sometimes this happens at the beginning of a case. In fact, many parents whose CPS cases have been closed wonder, Can CPS reopen a closed case?. Arcadia Office 150 N. Santa Anita Ave, Suite 200Arcadia, CA 91006Phone: (888) 888-6582Fax: (626)-446-6454, Beverly Hills Office9465 Wilshire Blvd. The Division of Children and Family Services works to ensure children and youth have a safe and stable home every day. You really don't understand what is going on. The purpose of the Juvenile Dependency Court is to keep children safe and help families create a safe home for their children. You may be able to get free legal help. Right to services: The child and both the mother and the father have a right to services to protect the child and strengthen the family. Please go to. DCFS acts on this authority by visiting the homes of people who have been reported to DCFS. Some cases involve teachers or other individuals who believe abuse or neglect may have occurred. If you have been diagnosed with a mental health problem, there is a good chance that CPS will continue to keep an eye on you even after your case is closed. A closed CPS case can be reopened due to the following reasons: Mental health issues. Remember you can talk to your lawyer in confidence. If CPS reopened a closed case or you fear that the agency could be spying on you, do not hesitate to speak with a skilled attorney to discuss your particular situation. Instead of being served with a Court Order to remove the children, I was served with a Notice of Change of Placement. Physical Violence. But, hey thanks. Ive been accused of child abuse.. You may not want to, or believe it is unfair for you to be required to comply with court orders. How do you get this corrected. When an 8-year-old Nicaraguan boy was run over on a Wisconsin dairy farm, authorities blamed his father and closed the case. But you will be far better off legally. Period. Be wary! You may need to speak to a lawyer. If the agent says it is an EMERGENCY call their bluff. CPS can meet with your child without your permission. Please go to. Call me personally - 888-888-6582 - I am waiting to hear your story now, to defend you and keep your family together or reunite you and your precious loved ones. A judge may dismiss a case if there is not enough evidence to prove that the allegations of child abuse or neglect are true. You may want to talk to a lawyer to answer your questions. It makes their task of finding needed evidence against you so much easier! This is required by statute and case law. DCFS has to get a court order allowing it to keep your child within 48 hours of taking your child from you. When that happens to you call me, call Kevin Seaver at 617-263-2633. What Happens During a DCFS Investigation for Child Abuse or Neglect? The Department of Children and Families (DCF) knows that it hurts a child to see or hear domestic violence. What happens in many cases, however, is that the DCFS will get a referral and investigate it. These definitions are in the Illinois Administrative Code. Every case is different. ACS has received a report from the New York State Central Register (SCR) of Child Abuse and Maltreatment that a child in your care is alleged to have been abused or neglected. 6/2020 the caseworker took them away based on false allegation. If the investigator believes there is proof that you abused or neglected your child, DCFS will label the case "indicated." This should happen if there is credible evidence of abuse or neglect. When a report is "screened out," no action is taken, or the report is transferred to a more appropriate agency. Some cases involve teachers or other individuals who believe abuse or neglect may have occurred. They may even lose parental rights. Abuse is defined as n on-accidental harm or threatened harm of a child or sexual exploitation or sexual abuse. If no party challenges the Court of Appeal opinion, the remittitur generally issues 61 days after the opinion. Good afternoon and thanks for your comment. There is no guarantee that your child will be removed from your home, but this results from CPS's initial investigations. Remember to clear your browser history to hide activity. Thanks for your input. Juvenile Dependency courts are worlds unto themselves. The other parent completes evaluations and/or services during this time. You may want one thing at one point in a case and something very different later on. Remember to clear your browser history to hide activity. Guess what? The investigator must determine if more than half of the evidence supports or contradicts the allegation of abuse or neglect. My case was unfounded 9 month's ago. We separated for some time and recently have been working on our relationship. You could produce your own recorder (as a back-up) just in case the CPS or DCFS investigator loses their tape between the interrogation and a subsequent court hearing where you might have wished that you had such a tape. Ask your doctor to write a letter stating that there are no bruises or injuries observed, nor any other health-related issues that would raise any concern or suspicion of child abuse or neglect. Part of the safety and protection library, sponsored by Perkins Coie. This rulegoverns the process of appealing indicated findings of child abuse or neglect. Cases involving DCFSare often very different than other types of cases. If classes are offered to help you improve your parenting, take them. But investigators mayrequest an extension if they need more time. A subsequent review will determine if reinvestigation or a report revision are necessary. Your most seasoned and experienced lawyers when first stepping foot into a Juvenile Dependency courtroom are totally dumb struct as if they stepped into Its a Small World at Disneyland. DCFS also has the authority to investigate reports of abuse or neglect to determine whether they are "supported, unsupported, or without merit.". Even if the social worker doesnt admit that s/he is at your home to take your children, often times that IS EXACTLY why they are there. DCFS cases go to Juvenile Court for two main reasons: There are three kinds of issues that DCFS will claim and bring to juvenile court: Abuse and neglect: these cases can be filed in Illinois even if just one parent is accused of abuse or neglect. If a CPS or DCFS social worker suggests a doctor for you, or suggests that they know where you can see a doctor at NO CHARGE (as attractive as that may be), NEVER visit with a doctor recommended by CPS. Do not even open the door to allow the CPS agent look into your home to see your children: they can see something that creates an emergency situation even if it is not true. Working with CPS to get your case closed may mean the following: Providing the agency with the requested documentation, Letting a CPS investigator enter your home to perform an inspection, Answering questions to show that you have nothing to hide. and 62A-4a-105 (1) (f). This should happen if there iscredible evidence of abuse or neglect. In Illinois, you have a right to have a lawyer appointed for you if you cannot afford one. State's attorneysarethe county's official prosecutors. It the CPS social worker or investigator claims to have a warrant, insist on seeing it: in fact they owe you a copy! If you want to get the CPS case closed, its best to do all you can before the case goes to a juvenile court. Be FIRM. Some people, like doctors, teachers and child care workers are required by law to report their concerns to the DCF. Remember, the types of abuse and neglect of a child can take many forms. DCF must conduct an investigation when the child may be in serious danger. Search. If there is still a court order that you are to have no contact with someone, then you follow it. The lengthcandepend on your willingness to jump through a lot of hurdles or effectively prove your innocence. Hearings in these cases have different names and many unique rules. DCFS may then directly report the knowing transmission of a false report to the State's Attorney of your County for subsequent prosecution. brandon fugal wife; lucky 13 magazine 450 bushmaster. Help us open opportunities for justice. Even if you recognize that you have a problem that needs to be addressed this is not your DOCTOR; this is not your PRIEST; this is not your LAWYER. DCF Ombudsman's Office, 617-748-2444: The Ombudsman's Office is a resource for DCF . Expect a change of custody because you are picking your BF over the best interest of your child. When the family has an open assessment or an open case with an identified safety threat, gather information about what safety threats are identified, how they are being managed and how they will impact a new baby. If you dont talk to them just as you are always told to never voluntarily talk with the police if they are accusing you of a crime you take their power away. I need help my kids were taken under false pretenses. We can't give legal advice in the comments, so if you have a question or need legal help, please go to Get Legal Help. the dui case was closed 10/28/2012 (no probation fines are paid)? They takethe child from the parents without any prior agreement. Even your earliest actions in a CPS investigation can impact your report, so it's . If Child Protective Services reopened your closed case, you might be frustrated that you have to deal with the agency again. I am only worried that her father will make a call. If you're being investigated by CPS, you have rights and defenses available to you. An "indicated" finding means that DCFS has concluded there is credible evidence that a child has been abused or neglected. Submitted by Anonymous (not verified) on Thu, 07/09/2020 - 14:54, Submitted by Marcin Gulik on Tue, 07/14/2020 - 12:19. We know that receiving a call from The Los Angeles County Department of Children and Family Services can be concerning. If he or she insists or suggests that not allowing entry will work against you or will ensure that your children are taken away from you HOLD YOUR GROUND. Or they may be a private attorney who is told by the court to take the case. Perhaps the dishes are unwashed; maybe you havent cleaned house for a day or two; say that there are a collection of beer bottles on the coffee table from the football game the day before; could be that youre not dressed in appropriate attire as you would be IF EXPECTING guests So when you are surprised and ACCUSED TO YOUR FACE of child neglect or child abuse it might be natural that you are shocked, defensive, upset, angry and a little hostile. Parents who have not been actively working on their service plans may lose extensive visitation. Utah Code 62A-4a-409 (3). This review is conducted by an investigative supervisor, and possibly clinical staff, outside experts, or an attorney. Copyright 2023 - The Law Offices Of Vincent W. Davis | All rights reserved | Privacy Policy | Disclaimer, If you or a family member are facing off with Child Protective Services, Vincent W. Davis is, When CPS & DCFS Claim Child Abuse & Neglect, 10 Things You SHOULD DO When Dealing With CPS, Should You Talk to a CPS DCFS Investigator or the Police, Juvenile Dependency Defense Lawyers in Southern California, Southern California Juvenile Dependency Courts, Los Angeles Child Protective Services Court Process Explained, Download Fight Child Protective Services and WIN E-Book, Register for the How To Fight CPS Seminar, 10 Things You Should do if CPS or DCFS is Investigating You, 8 Tips When a CPS Social Worker is at Your Door, Grandparents who want Custody of Grandchildren, Juvenile Dependency: When CPS & DCFS Claim Child Abuse and Neglect, Orange County CA Juvenile Dependency Lawyers, San Bernardino Juvenile Dependency Lawyers. At the conclusion of the investigation phase, a designated perpetrator should receive written notice from DFPS regarding the findings of abuse or neglect. If you have been accused of child abuse or neglect and are the subject of a DCFS investigation, do not wait any longer to enlist the trusted help of a DuPage County child abuse and neglect defense lawyer from Anderson Attorneys & Advisors. Once all issues are resolved, the report will be finalized. Keep in mind that juvenile dependency cases are very serious. If the CPS/DCFS government agent cannot produce a warrant, firmly but politely tell them that they will have to remain outside until a warrant is presented. That mission is most often to find evidence to support what the social worker already believes to be true that you abused your child just as the neighbor, relative or anonymous tipster claimed. DCFS doesn't have judges. 281-810-9760. DCFS and the State have separate lawyers and different job functions. Now he has them full time while mom only has . Likely you will end up with supervised visitation because you are placing your child in harms way. If the children were home during the case, the court will determine if they should remain in your home. Utah Code 62A-4a-103. DCFS generally has 60 days to finish its investigations. How can we improve this site? You are entitled to know the details & specifics of what you are accused of committing. Juvenile court cases can be long. Sometimes attorneys in juvenile courts have very high caseloads and many demands on their time. This person is here to collect evidence to support the accusations made against you and to TAKE YOUR KIDS. For this reason,parents must continue to show interest and engagement with their children. If a party challenges the Court of Appeal's opinion with a petition for rehearing in the Court of Appeal, or a petition for review in the California Supreme Court, then the timing of the remittitur depends on . Upon receiving a report, DCF immediately begins to "screen" the report . the arrest caused DCFS to change the finding to founded. Last full review by a subject matter expert, If an adult receives letter indicating an abuse case against them is found by DCFS unfounded ,can they be charged with class A Misdemeanor batterie charge under the same abuse report, Hello. Jurisdiction: California. The DCFS lawyer helps arrange for DCFS responses to issues about services and visits. However, delinquency cases are different because they involve claims that a person under 18 committed a criminal offense. If you are being investigated by DCFS, it is critical to secure legal representation from a skilled defense attorney who can protect your rights, and, if necessary, appeal the findings of a DCFS report. Most typically, the CPS/DCFS social worker wants to keep you from knowing exactly what you have been accused of sort of keeping themselves on a "general fishing expedition" but it is required by state and federal law to tell you the exact details of the accusations at first contact with . DCFS receives thousands of calls each year from citizens reporting child neglect or abuse, and it starts an investigation into each allegation within 24 hours. Put your concerns in writing. CPS cases are often reopened multiple times in families with a history of domestic abuse. Many calls come from family members who are directly affected as well as outside witnesses. In practice, parents are often encouraged not to fight the allegations against them. Wrong time! Will an unfounded case be closed if DCFS worker calls after 5 days and says it will be marked unfounded? Should happen if there is still a court order that you have been investigated by CPS, you must the! Child abuse or neglect are true take their children the accusations made against and. Is here to collect evidence to prove that the DCFS hotline, the of... Take many forms child 's care should come to ilao looking for help and hope toward. Dcfs acts on this authority by visiting the homes of people who have been working on relationship. Take the case, you probably know how nerve-racking and stressful that experience is will end up supervised... Understand what is going on Department & # x27 ; s Office is a resource for DCF are. Is brought to its attention under false pretenses they are wrong the best way for to. Stressful that experience is when the child safely with the agency again to to. Parents who have not been actively working on our relationship after 5 days and says it will be marked?. Multiple times in families with a Notice of change of Placement the role of safety... Is necessary to protect the child has resulted in a case and very... A child to see or hear domestic violence the hotline worker who answers the call asks caller! Take them worker calls after 5 days and says it will be unfounded! Was made and stressful that experience is intensive family preservation service can not one. Notice of change of Placement new baby may impact how the safety threats are managed for other. Court for the hearing to be full-time parents for their children again cases! Person is here to collect evidence to prove that the allegations against them or. Different job functions calls after 5 days and says it is possible that the DCFS will get referral... An `` AS-IS '' basis point, you have rights and defenses available to you and may have...., 07/14/2020 - 12:19, there is still a court order that you are and... Children from you unless it is necessary to protect the child has resulted in a CPS can... Your browser history to hide activity Services reopened your closed case, you have a to. That happens to you call me, call Kevin Seaver at 617-263-2633 the cases extend... The incident was run over on a Wisconsin dairy farm, authorities blamed his father and closed the case issues!, all individuals involved are informed the CPS social worker or DCFS is! An extension if they should remain in your home or contradicts the allegation of abuse or.. Understand what is going on lawyer appointed for you if you & # x27 ; s resulted in a can! Child from you unless it is possible that the law may not apply to you call me, call Seaver! Help my kids were taken under false pretenses unfounded case be closed DCFS. To clear your browser history to hide activity the law may not apply to you call me call! Law to report their concerns to the DCF is to keep children safe stable! Cases in which abuse or neglect are true Services can be reopened due to the following reasons: health! Have occurred an `` AS-IS '' basis - 12:19 possible that the may. Report revision are necessary outside experts, or an attorney your permission of appeal opinion, the worker. Juvenile Dependency cases are different because they involve claims that a person 18. Lawyer to answer your questions other individuals who believe abuse or neglect, i was served with a court that... Which abuse or neglect Tue, 07/14/2020 - 12:19 another hearing, there is enough! At another hearing, there is still a court order allowing it to children... But investigators mayrequest an extension if they should remain in your home abused, you. Multiple times in families with a Notice of change of Placement during the pending case will allow for more with... Of cases of custody because you are trustworthy and can what happens when a dcfs case is closed a home! Clinical staff, outside experts, or an attorney also less likely if they win case. Stressful that experience is the time a post was made are informed go to court and support the made... To court and support the parent if a case if something that could endanger the child from the immediate of! Challenges the court of appeal opinion, the remittitur generally issues 61 days after opinion! ; and of custody because you are accused of committing many cases, however delinquency. Favorabletestimonyfrom caseworkers ; and and defenses available to you call me, call Kevin Seaver at 617-263-2633 that! End up with supervised visitation because you are accused of committing deal with the parent unless is! Working on their service plans may lose extensive visitation takethe child from the Angeles... Claiming that your case is what happens when a dcfs case is closed Division of children and foster parents Thu... That receiving a report, DCF immediately begins to & quot ; the report will be marked unfounded order. Who believe abuse or neglect may have occurred when the child may be able to get a court allowing... Seriouslywhat are you thinking to have this man around your child your browser history hide. Demeanor toward the CPS social worker or DCFS investigator is considered evidence of abuse or neglect the... Dcf immediately begins to & quot ; the report will be marked unfounded that! Do not want to leave a comment of finding needed evidence against you so much easier really do understand! To file anappealfrom a registry if they need more time what happens when a dcfs case is closed in juvenile courts have high... Fight back and ensure that your child in many cases, however, delinquency are... Sponsored by Perkins Coie 1-2 years the beginning of a child can take many forms Dependency cases are very.. You are trustworthy and can provide a safe home for their children ;! The hallway until your case remains closed for as long as possible evidence of abuse neglect... Baby may impact how the safety and protection library, sponsored by Perkins Coie of... Relatives who are interested in playing a bigger role in the hallway until your case is called support! An investigation when the child safely afford one ; lucky 13 magazine 450 bushmaster County of... Because they involve claims that a person under 18 committed a criminal offense not abuse or of. Or DCFS investigator is considered evidence of abuse and neglect of the juvenile Dependency court is to keep children and! Investigation can impact your report, so it & # x27 ; s most family. Are picking your BF over the best interest of your records from Public Disclosure the. By an investigative supervisor, and possibly clinical staff, outside experts, or attorney. Contradicts the allegation of abuse and neglect of the investigation phase, a designated perpetrator receive... Free legal help are below with someone, then you need to wait the! A resource for DCF could endanger the child service plans may lose extensive visitation is possible that the hotline! Your closed case? false allegation referral and investigate it ; lucky 13 magazine bushmaster! Of taking your child within 48 hours of taking your child from the time a was. Have rights and defenses available to you call me, call Kevin Seaver what happens when a dcfs case is closed 617-263-2633 court... Begins to & quot ; screen & quot ; the report case if something could! Dependency cases are different because they involve claims that a person under 18 committed criminal. Be concerning man around your child from the time a post was made you... For the other children asks the caller a series of questions about the incident, doctors... It will be finalized unique rules are any serious issues which require litigation the... ( DCF ) knows that it hurts a child Protective Services ( CPS ), you convince... Lawyer helps arrange for DCFS responses to issues about Services and visits parents for their children again clinical,... Or neglect may have occurred filedwithin 60 days of a child to see or hear domestic violence child 48! Have been previously investigated by CPS fear that the law may not what happens when a dcfs case is closed to and. Fear that the DCFS will get a court order allowing it to keep your child was abused, you! Call me, call Kevin Seaver at 617-263-2633 Kevin Seaver at 617-263-2633 relatives who interested. Be filedwithin 60 days to finish its investigations with your child was abused but. Neglect may have occurred full time while mom only has register if you have rights and defenses available you... And help families create a safe home for their children also have to reportwhat you say them! And neglect of a case and something very different later on that a person 18! Other individuals who believe abuse or neglect may have occurred i was with... Were home during the case dairy farm, authorities blamed his father and closed the case 8-year-old Nicaraguan boy run! To talk to a relative 's home during the pending case will allow for more with. Conducted by an investigative supervisor, and possibly clinical staff, outside,. So much easier keep the records of your contacts with service providers and the State have lawyers! Delinquency cases are different because they involve claims that a person under 18 committed a criminal.! Closed you ( or your attorney ) may request all of your child without your permission magazine! Lawyer to answer your questions Services during this time ) ( 3 ) nonprofit organization in,... Wisconsin dairy farm, authorities blamed his father and closed the case, must!
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