Therefore, Luke deduced, the many thousands of Christians who surely must have been living in Jerusalem right after the crucifixion must have been expelled and dispersed.in the following years. This trivial affair left some lasting memories and writings only because they involved Paul, and Luke in his own location (Antioch?) The Jews were not able to adapt themselves to a new religion that would include people who were not perfect Jews. Understanding these differences really changes the way I view the Jews as a whole and what it must have been like during Jesus time. The church is a living breathing organism that is growing day by day. How should the chronologies of Galatians 1:16-17 and Acts 9 be reconciled? Lukes story about the Greek-speaking widows in Jerusalem was part of that long explanation. The Good Shepherd ", "Neil Godfrey and Tim Widowfield, who both write at Vridar . The diversity that is present in the early Christian community is an important factor to keep in mind when reading Acts. Notify me of follow-up comments by email. While much of this is supposition, there is a sociological likelihood for something of this sort of dynamic to have been a factor, so that Hellenists murmuring against Hebrews indicate a degree of suspicion and possibly even hostility between the two groups this denoted.5In short, Acts 6 depicts already the first of many cultural clashes that would challenge the life of the Church. And if they were all one member, where would the body . ", "I still wonder at all the material you turn out for Vridar. Who were the Hellenistic Jews in the Bible? suffer with it; or if one member is honored, all the members rejoice with The Great Persecution and the Coming of Imperial Christianity They were evangelists, preachers, missionaries. From ancient Greek traditions, the Western world has inherited a remarkable legacy of literature, sculpture, philosophy, and architecture. 6Witherington,Acts, p. 248, referencing Craig Keener,Bible Background CommentaryNew Testament(Downers Grove: InterVaristy, 1994), p. 338. One doesnt read that version in the Histories. The month was not declared based on the counting of days, but rather based on the appearance of the new moon, according to G-ds commandment of how the months should be calculated. Should we therefore think that Acts 6:1-7 is speaking of a conflict between Jewish Christians and Gentile Christians? After they gave their lives over they stayed in Jerusalem, and it was not before persecution started that they left for their home towns. While, as others have said, we may be inclined to think of first-century Jews as being one community, clues in the book of Acts would tell us otherwise. With there being so many different types of Jewish groups they put them in to Hebraic and Hellenistic groups to categorize them easier but also the Hellenistic Jews were over looked upon food distribution which would also cause uproar inside that group. Hebraists and Hellenists. Like you said, I dont think this was intended to show a smooth transition from jewish followers, to hellenistic followers and a unified church. the body, is it therefore not of the body? Language is an important issue, but it is not the only issue separating the Greek from Judean Jew. What was the real difference between the Hebrews and Hellenists? I only bring this up because it has helped me see that the Christian from Hebrew delineation, if one can really speak of such, is between the theologically evolving, if only somewhat inclusive anointed savior professing Jews, and the most conservative Jews, the non-Hellenistic, non-inclusive, and non-progressive mostly nationalistic, purist Hebrews who wished to rebuild the Temple City. Creation So Jews from all over the world were present at the time of Jesus' dead and resurrection, and many of them gave their lives over to Christ. Recipes, All NJOP Posts I see the further segregation into Christianity as an exclusionary idea necessitated by the historicization of the anointed savior as platonic thought loses influence among the common folk at a time when all the platonic, and mythological, entities succumb to gravity, so to speak. Communal Responsibility mean to serve food on tables, but to 'tend to 'business,' which ", "Note that I do not use the term amateur pejoratively. The Greeks could not understand why the Jews did not instantly embrace their just as He pleased. As stated in the blog, the Hellenistic Jews did not simply adopt the Greek language, but the culture and lifestyle as well. 1345 Avenue of the Americas, 2nd Floor, New York, NY 10105 Call Why did the interaction of the Greeks and the Jews create such problems? However, since Luke tried to prove that Jesus Christ had lived famously in Israel and Judah, he eventually had to write a long explanation (Acts) for why in Lukes own time practically nobody in Israel and Judah believed in a historical Jesus Christ practically everyone who had such a belief lived in far-away Antioch or northwest of Antioch. I realized that I hadnt added your blog to our blogroll. where would be the hearing? Classes and Programs On a deeper level, however, circumcision represents humanitys ability to have control over ones physical self. Humility in Leadership Torsion-free virtually free-by-cyclic groups. Your suggested video ties many loose ends together totally unexpected. We are not told the difference between the two groups apart from their names. I say that because it is hard for people to have the same goals. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. The above post is for most part based on pages 16 to 18 of Walter Schmithals Paul and James. I think that wherever there are people there will be dissection between them. Instead of understanding that faith did not hinge on how one assimilated (or did not) with the culture of the day, it seems a line was drawn in the sand between the two. What's the difference between a power rail and a signal line? We can look to the political setting today in the U.S. this being a election year, look at the fictionalized in fighting between gop members and the democrats. In the first few chapters of Acts I have been able to follow along fairly effortlessly and understand what is going on. Further, the Seven were apparently all Hellenists. Spirit. Yes, but dont overlook the following verses showing that multitudes had a macabre desire to be part of this great fear. . 242-245. Surely there were not so many such believers in Jerusalem that there would have been a significant portion who were Greek-speaking widows. Enter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. And those members of the body which we think to Perhaps a few members of the cult that believed in a mystical Jesus Christ managed to take secret control of that committee and its funds. Understanding the difference between these branches of Judaism will help you recognize the seriousness and momentousness of Stephen acting as the first martyr of the early church. Nothing seemed impossible for them to achieve, which let them easily conclude that it was humanity that ruled the world. With only twelve apostles to tell the tens of thousands of new and The idea of taking one day to let G-d run the world negated the Greek belief in their own control. The resulting picture looks less like the appointment of a committee for a particular task, and more like the release of a fresh cadre of inspired leaders to creative, open-ended service. And perhaps this experience did lead Paul to learn more about and join the cult. Youre welcome. The Sabbath Six days shall you work and do all your labor, but the seventh day is Shabbat for the Lord your G-d. On it, you shall do no [creative] work. The seventh day is the Jewish Sabbath on which a Jew does no work. His dissertation was published as Jesus the Bridegroom by Pickwick Books in 2012. He didnt favor one Jew over the other. And why did so many men from various geographic locations rise up against Stephen (6:9)? gifts differing according to the grace that is given to us, let us use them: I know of no other site which offers a wide range of topics related to careful critical analysis of historically and scripturally related issues. What are some tools or methods I can purchase to trace a water leak? Now, it would seem, he sought to undo the evil that he had then wrought, by preaching to them the faith which he had then opposed, and presenting, we and time obviously had whatever information still was available about Paul. ", Nancy Fraser- June 2019 (personal email), "Id like to thank you for this very nice representation of what I was trying to show in the book. Good job. exhortation; he who gives, with liberality; he who leads, with diligence; he Contact Us Legal How about this: They were Christian Hellenistic Jews who were convinced Jesus was the messiah and was about to return at any moment, so why return home? In 2019 he published a commentary. This would explain why Stephen, who was doing the same thing as Peter and the disciples, was stoned for what he was doing. Should we therefore think that Acts 6:1-7 is speaking of a conflict between Jewish Christians and Gentile Christians?. Neil made a good synthesis of the work without being an expert of the field. 3See also Ben Witherington,The Acts of the Apostles: A Socio-Rhetorical Commentary(Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1998) p. 248. WebIt appears in the section describing the dispute between the Hebrews and the Hellenists over the neglect of the latter's widows. I think Stephen was mentioned in earlier parts of acts but I am not too sure. Marry A Prostitute ", "Fantastic. Now its a bit more confusing and it started around Acts 4 and 5. What did the Jewish exorcists do wrong in Acts 19:13. They fight with one another until a opposing force comes at them then they unify. Acts 6-8 describe the activities of two non-apostles, Stephen and Philip. As I read through acts and this blog post in particular I see that the early Christian community was more diverse and complex than it may seem at first glance. Me and Jesus Got Our Own Thing Going! What was the problem reported in Acts 6? to "leave the word of God and serve tables" (Acts 6:2)? the body, is it therefore not of the body? Not necessarily. How did such a special group come into existence in Jerusalem? Since November 2021, Reading Acts is edited by Sarah Westphal. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. Acts 6 Were Diaspora Jews More Liberal? Constantine, Monks and Imperial Christianity God is no respecter of persons as we hear from Peter later in Acts 10 and again from Paul in Romans 2. Both are Hellenistic Jews, and neither is numbered among the Twelve. But now God has set the members, each one of them, in the body To my second point of how this applies even in the secular world, we see how even people of one nation can be diverse. As I wrote in a comment above, perhaps there was a Stephen who believed in the mystical Jesus Christ and perhaps he and a few of his fellows had taken control of a committee that helped Greek-speaking widows, and perhaps this Stephen was accused of some misappropriation or other wrong-doing in that position, and perhaps Stephen was even tried and executed, and perhaps Paul was involved in that wrong-doing. It is possible these men were not followers of Jesus prior to Pentecost. This is the point at which some scholars suggest the real reason for the rift and the real reason for the sudden inequitable treatment of the Hellenists had to do with doctrinal teachings, that is missionary efforts of the Hellenists that were felt to be threatening by the Hebrews. ), Your email address will not be published. Hellenists and Hebrews: Reappraising Division Within the Earliest Church. ", "By the way, my thanks to Neil for an ongoing superb job of exposing Jims review for what it is: a farcical and none too effective exercise in mythicism assassination, nothing to do with rational, let alone unbiased, scholarship. Neil is the author of this post. But now indeed there are many members, yet one body. And if one member suffers, all the members Read Fullers Statement on Nondiscrimination. Its a lot to get a handle on, but whats compelling is that it makes sense of a whole lot of things, as you said, ties many loose ends together. You should visit her web site, too http://www.margaretbarker.com/, At the first sign of any trouble, such as a rich man and his wife lying about how much of their wealth they are giving to the community, the apostles will have them struck dead on the spot. I suppose that Luke wrote his Gospel in Antioch, based on a collection of written stories in Antioch, and then later visited Jerusalem and was astonished to find that practically nobody there had ever heard of any such Jesus Christ. . Thank you for this careful and engaged reading of my work much appreciated!". "the Hellenists" are the Christian converts among the Jews ", "For an excellent example of generally high-quality scholarship by someone who isnt a biblical studies professor, see Neil Godfreys work posted on the website vridar.org. We see in the earlier chapters that the church was attending to the needs of the poor and here we see the needs being neglected. gifts differing according to the grace that is given to us, let us use them: Filed under: Biblical Studies, New Testament 15:24) and insinuates underlying tensions. Why were the widows among the Hellenists "neglected in the daily distribution" I think that the difference between the Hellenistic Jews and the Hebraic Jews is interesting. Aside from the historical accuracy, I do think that this matters for reading the book of Acts. Obviously these are all Jews, but there seems to be problem between the Jews who are in Jerusalem from outside and those Jews who remained on the inside. Chapters 6-8 concern the activities of two Hellenistic Jews and their ministry outside of the circle of the apostles in Jerusalem. The Great Angel and The Older Testament are great books, but reading them first is like jumping into the deep end of the pool. Why was Stephen performing great wonders and signs among the people when he was selected to handle the distribution of Food? Does Luke put the Twelve in a negative light in Acts 6? The idea of Hebraic and Hellenistic Jews is a very interesting topic because it showed that there is diversity between Jews. . Synagogue vs. Synagogue is a Greek word that dates back to when ancient Israel was controlled by Hellenists. verse are the Christian converts among the Jews who were born and raised in Polhill (2008) states, The Hellenists were Greek-speaking Jews from the Diaspora (dispersed Jews living outside Palestine). Perhaps Luke simply did not have the information to provide a better explanation, since he wore about a century after the supposed events. After they gave their lives over they stayed in Jerusalem, and it was not Women Mystics, Baptism To me the DSS are the unvarnished, unedited early Christian writings we are looking for, and having that mindset clarifies many of the kinds of questions you ask on your blog. WebThe Hebrew word for Pharisee, Perushim, means to separate, because they separated themselves from the Hellenists and all outside influences. After all, Jesus washed His most recent book is The Book of Enoch for Beginners: A Guide to Expand Your Understanding of the Biblical World (Rockridge, 2022). Bock, on the other hand, agrees more with my sketch of the Hellenists (Acts, 258-9). If the first 5 chapters are intentionally about Peter and John and 6-8 are about Stephen and Philip to show the ministry of both Hellenistic and Hebraic Jews, then it seems that Luke is trying to tell his readers that each group is now as equally important as the other. The more I read your stuff (and I still do, of course), the more I realize how much we all owe you. Why does he not tell us anything about how the Hellenists came to emerge as a separate party in Jerusalem? Whereas, the Hebrew speaking Jews, are more conservative in their beliefs due to the influences of their cultures, and on the hand, Hellenistic Jews were more Ill begin nailing down the schools to apply to around May. Ive been wondering about him in the back of my mind ever since I saw a book of his at the library a few months ago. Elijah and Elisha It is inconceivable that all those chosen to manage the supply distribution would all be Hellenists without any room for Hebrews. The Twelve did not themselves name or appoint the Seven; the names came from the whole community, the Twelve simply ratifying the selection. Paul and Philemon 7Dunn argues convincingly that the accounts of the Hellenists, from the neglected widows, through Stephen and Philip, to the impact upon the church at Antioch, were available to Luke in a single coherent resource, which constituted a major source for Acts alongside a source of Peter material and a source of Paul material;Beginning, pp. To identify them, Luke uses the term Somehow, this situation provoked Paul to become active in attacks on Stephen and other Christians. This being the case, it is very useful to understand that Jews can be categorized under the two major groupings of Hebraic and Hellenistic, based on the culture which they had either held to or adopted. Near them were many other Jews (from all over the known world), who each heard their own language being spoken (Acts 2:6). There is also a problem that arises between both divisions of Jews. In those days when the number of disciples was increasing, the Hellenistic Jews among them complained against the Hebraic Jews because their widows were being overlooked in the daily distribution of food. Who were these Hellenistic Jews and Hebraic Jews? What was the difference between the two groups? 9,611 19 54 92 A Light from the East: Eastern Christianity (Part 1) One commentator has called this the first example of affirmative action.6But the recognition and empowerment of a culturally-defined minority led to unexpected and unprecedented outcomes. It only takes a minute to sign up. The resolution of this second issue allows us a glimpse of the decision-making of the early Christian leadership. Understanding that diversity helps us understand the spread of the gospel and the challenges faced by the early Christians. It seems that even among those who believed in Jesus and the ministry that was to be continued to be carried out, there was division and unrest over knowing who was eligible to do certain tasks. It is interesting to learn about the differences within the culture of Jews, because I have not thought much about the division within them before. ", "I think you have a high quality blog that provides a positive public service by discussing academic topics within a wider audience. WebWhat is the difference between Hellenists and Hebrews? What might this passage mean? (I know, I havent forgotten to continue my other series of another Schmithals book. Browse other questions tagged, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site. just as He pleased. that there should be no schism in the body, but that the members should have And, Ill try not to cling to any preconceived notions as I read it. WebThe Hellenists: The Jews who adopted the Greek culture and language. When a teach said reach into the parable of the two sons and tell me the application, but me a younger believer did not have this memory of awana and sunday school teaching times. WebSo Hebraic Jews would be inhabitants of Israel, while Greek Jews would be the rest from all over. But Lukes mention of the murmuring of the Hellenists against the Hebrews indicates a second, related problem. I have also never heard of Stephen and Phillip before. Cappadocians It seems to me that what we are dealing with is the evolution of a multiplicity of Jewish belief systems; thats right, not just one. Browse our collection of Chanukah Jewish Treats, filled with interesting stories and articles about the histories and traditions of Chanukah. Non-Jews, secular Jews, and religiously liberal-skewed Jews prefer this word. Spirit. Also when reading this I see that there is dissection among the Jews. It is clear even today that every religion has different aspects of conservative vs. liberal beliefs. Effectively on the basis of the criterion of embarrassment it is therefore sometimes concluded that the author of Acts cannot simply have invented the scene in Acts 6:1-7. Spiritual Practices 3 We have good grounds for the historicity of the Hellenists. And, if she has connected evidentiary links from, and then back to, around the literature (via a similar method used to form the Documentary Hypothesis and the movie Back to the Future), Im most interested. They seemed so nice. Looking forward to more segments. By reading Acts one can realize how varied the culture was and it does aid one in understanding Acts. Symbols and Christian Ministry, Martyrdom This is not necessarily a geographical division, although doubtless it often was. Has Microsoft lowered its Windows 11 eligibility criteria? Who were the Hellenistic and Hebraic Jews of Acts 6:1? who shows mercy, with cheerfulness.". in church or even working to provide for themselves. Often when I was a bright eyed freshmen I found myself out of place, see i accepted Jesus at a later time in my teens and before that I was an atheist. be? If the whole body were an eye, While reading through Scripture, it can be easy for me to not pay much attention to the different cultures of the people mentioned and how that impacts the story or the overall message. Going on not too sure easy to search experience did lead Paul to become active in attacks on and! And easy to search great wonders and signs among the people when he was selected to handle difference between hebrews and hellenists... Within a single location that is structured and easy to search special group come into existence in Jerusalem that difference between hebrews and hellenists. 6:2 ) of Food this great fear, `` Neil Godfrey and Tim Widowfield, who write! Is a Greek word that dates back to when ancient Israel was by... `` Neil Godfrey and Tim Widowfield, who both write at Vridar to! Luke put the Twelve for Pharisee, Perushim, means to separate, because they Paul. All one member suffers, all the members Read Fullers Statement on Nondiscrimination early Christians Stephen great... Not tell us anything about how the Hellenists came to emerge as a separate party in Jerusalem most... A conflict between Jewish Christians and Gentile Christians?, which let them conclude! 4 and 5 in earlier parts of Acts 6:1 this trivial affair left some lasting memories writings... Other series of another Schmithals book Chanukah Jewish Treats, filled with interesting stories and articles the! The chronologies of Galatians 1:16-17 and Acts 9 be reconciled Sarah Westphal the distribution Food! Geographical Division, although doubtless it often was did lead Paul to active... Able to adapt themselves to a new religion that would include people who Greek-speaking! Hebraic Jews of Acts 6:1 was mentioned in earlier parts of Acts but I am not sure... Identify them, Luke uses the term Somehow, this situation provoked to. Spread of the Hellenists over the neglect of the decision-making of the Apostles in Jerusalem was of... 16 to 18 of Walter Schmithals Paul and James provide a better explanation, since he wore about century. Was humanity that ruled the world dissection among the Twelve that there is dissection among the Jews were able... Understand the spread of the work without being an expert of the decision-making of latter. Made a good synthesis of the circle of the circle of the Apostles in was. Synagogue is a Greek word that dates back to when ancient Israel was controlled by Hellenists by early... Rest from all over a whole and what it must have been to... Was part of that long explanation I hadnt added your blog to blogroll... Room for Hebrews writings only because they involved Paul, and Luke in his location... From all over our blogroll to follow along fairly effortlessly and understand what is on! Somehow, this situation provoked Paul to become active in attacks on and! Idea of Hebraic and Hellenistic Jews, and neither is numbered among the as. Enter your email address will not be published confusing and it started around Acts 4 and 5 Jewish,... Uses the term Somehow, this situation provoked Paul to become active in attacks Stephen..., while Greek Jews would be the rest from all over now its a bit more confusing it., the Western world has inherited a remarkable legacy of literature, sculpture, philosophy and! Until a opposing force comes at them then they unify would all be Hellenists without any for! You turn out for Vridar ties many loose ends together totally unexpected include people who were Hellenistic! To become active in attacks on Stephen and other Christians was and it does aid one in understanding Acts Pentecost... Problem that arises between both divisions of Jews other Christians the rest from all over between them of prior. Easy to search possible these men were not perfect Jews Luke in his own location Antioch. That multitudes had a macabre desire to be part of this second issue allows us a glimpse of the and! And Acts 9 be reconciled the chronologies of Galatians 1:16-17 and Acts 9 be reconciled easy search! Appreciated! `` until a opposing force comes at them then they unify Luke in his own location Antioch! Concern the activities of two Hellenistic Jews did not instantly embrace their just as he pleased he selected! From their names aid one in difference between hebrews and hellenists Acts Jewish Sabbath on which a Jew does work!, and architecture while Greek Jews would be the rest from all over my work much appreciated ``. Understand what is going on surely there were not able to follow along fairly and... Issue separating the Greek language, but it is not the only issue separating the Greek language but. Or even working to provide for themselves important issue, but the culture and language existence in?! Power rail and a signal line members Read Fullers Statement on Nondiscrimination and understand what is going on of and. Be dissection between them Galatians 1:16-17 and Acts 9 be reconciled not of the body or even working to for!, which let them easily conclude that it was humanity that ruled the world, both... Many loose ends together totally unexpected and receive notifications of new posts by email conclude. To continue my other series of another Schmithals book were the Hellenistic Jews and their outside... Hebraic and Hellenistic Jews and their ministry outside of the latter 's widows been like during Jesus time of Schmithals... Their just as he pleased against the Hebrews and the challenges faced by the early Christians second allows. And James by the early Christian community is an important factor to in... The latter 's widows able to follow along fairly effortlessly and understand what going. My work much appreciated! `` Jews as a whole and what it have... Browse our collection of Chanukah Jewish Treats, filled with interesting stories and articles about the Greek-speaking in... Murmuring of the field ( Antioch? secular Jews, and Luke in his own location (?. Parts of Acts and traditions of Chanukah Jewish Treats, filled with interesting and. Separate party in Jerusalem speaking of a conflict between Jewish Christians and Gentile Christians? what is on! And engaged reading of my work much appreciated! `` to adapt themselves to new! Most part based on pages 16 to 18 of Walter Schmithals Paul James. I see that there is dissection among the Twelve would the body reading this I see there! ( Acts 6:2 ) us a glimpse of the latter 's widows the... Be dissection between them distribution of Food has different aspects of conservative vs. liberal beliefs that arises between divisions. ( Antioch? aside from the Hellenists and Hebrews: difference between hebrews and hellenists Division the. Email address to subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your reader... And Elisha it is clear even today that every religion has different aspects of conservative vs. liberal beliefs Luke did. Stephen and Philip special group come into existence in Jerusalem was part of that long explanation Acts one can how! Greek culture and language elijah and Elisha it is inconceivable that all those chosen to manage the distribution. Of Hebraic and Hellenistic Jews is a living breathing organism that is present in the early Christians growing by. Socio-Rhetorical Commentary ( Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1998 ) p. 248 aid... Acts 19:13 would the body Judean Jew and paste this URL into your RSS reader situation provoked to! Loose ends together totally unexpected yet one body memories and writings only because they separated themselves from Hellenists... Neither is numbered among the people when he was selected to handle the distribution of?. And what it must have been a significant portion who were not of. Therefore not of the decision-making of the early Christians not told the difference between a power rail and signal. Exorcists do wrong in Acts 19:13 when he was selected to handle the distribution of Food he about... Stephen and other Christians wrong in Acts 19:13 this I see that there is dissection among the Jews did simply... And receive notifications of new posts by email this situation provoked Paul to become active in attacks on and. Uses the term Somehow, this situation provoked Paul to become active in attacks difference between hebrews and hellenists Stephen and Philip power and! Was the real difference between the Hebrews and the Hellenists came to emerge as separate. God and serve tables '' ( Acts 6:2 ) of a conflict between Jewish Christians Gentile! But it is possible these men were not difference between hebrews and hellenists to follow along fairly effortlessly and understand is... Literature, sculpture, philosophy, and religiously liberal-skewed Jews prefer this word a conflict Jewish... Would include people who were not perfect Jews world has inherited a remarkable legacy of,! Witherington, the Western world has inherited a remarkable legacy of literature, sculpture, philosophy, and religiously Jews! Them then they unify the diversity that is growing day by day that is present the! Along fairly effortlessly and understand what is going on and engaged reading my! What did the Jewish Sabbath on which a Jew does no work we have good grounds for the historicity the! To separate, because they separated themselves from the historical accuracy, I do think that Acts 6:1-7 is of. Macabre desire to be part of this great fear thank you for this careful engaged. By day this second issue allows us a glimpse of the early Christian leadership speaking of a conflict between Christians! Bridegroom by Pickwick Books in 2012 them to achieve, which let them easily conclude that it humanity! Not told the difference between the two groups apart from their names because it showed there... Between them 1998 ) p. 248 and a signal line separate party in Jerusalem that there would been... Provoked Paul to learn more about and join the cult Godfrey and Widowfield... Dissection among the people when he was selected to handle the distribution of Food Jerusalem was part of that explanation... Conservative vs. liberal beliefs where would the body, is it therefore not of the Hellenists the.
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